1 Overview
In recent years, the author carefully studied and studied the relevant international sports lighting standards in the process of preparing the "Electrical Design Code for Sports Buildings". In particular, the standards of the International Lighting Commission CIE, the FIFA FIFA and the IAAF IAAF standards will cause colleagues. We attach great importance to these internationally renowned organizations with great influence and wide influence, which will have a demonstration effect on other sports. Seriously studying and analysing the changes of these new technologies will help to absorb the strengths of others to use for me, and then serve the construction of sports venues and sports games in China.
Before introducing the new technology of sports lighting, we will introduce the terminology of sports lighting. There is no official definition yet, but it is customary. Sports lighting refers to artificial lighting provided for the competition venue, referred to as venue lighting.
2 New technologies for international sports lighting
2.1 Changes in standards
2.1.1 New standard for stadium lighting
In 2011, the FIFA FIFA issued a new "Football Field" [1] standard, of which Chapter 9 is sports lighting. The standard values ​​of the lighting of the football field are shown in Table 1.
It should be noted that the standard has been compiled by the developed countries of football, and the level and system of football matches in these countries are very perfect. The Class III “domestic competition†in the table is close to the “professional competition†in China; the “League and Club Competition†in the second level belongs to the low-level competition, which is similar to the “amateur competition and professional training†in China.
2.1.2 New standards for venue lighting in track and field
The latest standards of the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF were promulgated in 2008, the IAAF Track and Field Facilities Handbook, 2008 edition [2], section 5.1 on sports lighting, and the lighting standard values ​​for its track and field venues are shown in Table 2.
Similar to football, the international standards for track and field are also compiled by developed countries in Europe and America. In Table 2, the third level "domestic and international competitions", although not broadcast on television, is a professional competition, which is close to the "professional competition" level in China; the "club competition" in the second level is also a low-level competition, belonging to the amateur competition. It is similar to the level of "amateur competition and professional training" in China.
2.1.3 New lighting standards for the International Commission on Illumination
International Lighting Commission CIE No. 169 Technical Document [3] - "Practical Design Guidelines for Sports Events for Color TV and Photographic Lighting" was promulgated in 2005. Document No. 169 should be in accordance with the CIE83 document issued in 1989 [4] [ 7] Combined reading, many technical contents of Document 83 are still valid. Document 169 states that the lighting levels shown in the CIE 83-1989 document apply to modern CCD-HDTV camera systems. Tables 3 and 4 list the lighting indicators.
The North American Lighting Engineering Association IES in the 2009 IESNA RP 6-1-01 document, the relevant parameters of the TV broadcast lighting for sports competition is consistent with CIE 169 document, which indicates that the relevant parameters of the CIE 83 document still apply after the HDTV broadcast.
Glare index GR < 50, only for outdoor related directions, see CIE 112-1994. CIE 83 documents give the requirements of the light source, as shown in Table 5.
2.1.4 Baseball and Softball Field Lighting Standards
American baseball and softball are relatively developed, and the level of professionalism is high. The lighting standards of baseball stadiums are internationally leading. The newly revised "Sports and Entertainment Venue Lighting" in 2009[5] standard IESNA RP -6-01R2009 stipulates that both SDTV and High-definition television broadcast, the general color rendering index Ra ≥ 65. Correlated color temperature Tc=3000K~6000K.
2.2 New requirements for luminaire layout
2.2.1 Lighting method of football field lighting
The FIFA 2011 edition of the "Football Field" standard of the International Football Tianhe Club has adjusted the lighting layout of the football field. During the major changes, many areas where the lamps cannot be arranged have been added to protect the athletes and referees from the effects of glare. :
(1) Focus on the bottom line focus. When there is a bit of retransmission, the bottom line measures the space within each 15° angle range. When there is no TV broadcast, the space within 10° angles on both sides of the bottom line.
(2), the center of the venue 25 ° elevation angle behind the goal.
(3) Based on the bottom line, the 75° elevation angle outside the restricted area and the short side of the restricted area extend outward at a 20° angle, except for the area shown in Figure 1.
Of course, for a comprehensive stadium with a soccer sport, the fixtures can be arranged within the range of 1., 2, and 3, but the football mode should not be turned on.
2.2.2 Lighting method for baseball and softball field lighting
The lighting of the softball stadium has the following requirements:
(1) The baseball field lighting should adopt the 6- or 8-bar arrangement, and the soft-field lighting should adopt no less than 4-bar lighting. When the canopy can meet the requirements, it is advisable to use the canopy to install the luminaire.
(2) The pole should be placed outside the shaded area of ​​Figure 2.
2.3 Other changes
2.3.1 Constant lumen technology
The term “constant lumens†has been recommended as early as the 2007 version of the FIFA standard. English is “Co nstant illumination lamp technologyâ€, which can also be called “constant illuminationâ€. This technology continues to be recommended in the FIFA 2011 version of the standard. The meaning of constant lumen is that the luminous flux of the light source remains constant or varies within a small range during the life of the light source. Therefore, constant lumens are actually a phenomenon in which the luminous flux of the source remains unchanged. Undoubtedly, luminaires using constant lumen technology can keep the illuminance in the field unchanged.
2.3.2 Control requirements for light pollution
Football field lighting often has a phenomenon of light spillovers. High-powered venue lighting is exposed to the stadium, which not only causes energy waste, but also produces offensive light pollution. For this reason, FIFA proposes restrictive indicators for site lighting spillovers, such as As shown in Table 6, the external light is used as a calculation point and a measurement point at 50m outside the stadium and 200m outward, and the horizontal illumination is also assessed, and the vertical illumination is also evaluated. The schematic is shown in Figure 4.
3 Analysis of new sports lighting technology
3.1 Standard Analysis
3.1.1 Changes in illuminance
The biggest change in standards is FIFA. From 2002 to 2011, FIFA has issued j-standard football standards. The highest-level competitions are used as examples to compare the three editions of 2002, 2007 and 2011. At the same time, it is compared with JGJ 153, the lighting design and testing standard of stadiums in China. The list is shown in Table 7.
Need to explain FIFA version 2002 has slow motion camera Slow Motion Cam. (corresponding illumination 18001x) and mobile camera Mobile cam. (corresponding illumination lO001x), while 2007 and 2011 versions only have on-camera camera Field cam, the two types of cameras are different in nature, this article Take the vertical illumination 18001x in the direction of the slow motion camera in FIFA 2002 version for comparison. See Figure 5 for details.
It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the vertical illumination in the direction of the fixed camera only needs 1400Ix in 2002, the 2007 version reaches the incredible 24001x, and the 2011 version falls back to 20001x, which is consistent with the Chinese standard [6]. The vertical illumination in the direction of the camera in the field is basically flat, no change, slightly higher than the Chinese standard. The horizontal illumination is maintained at the level of 3000~35001x, which is lower than the requirement of 40001x in China.
3.1.2 Changes in the chromaticity parameters of the source
The chromaticity parameters of the light source are crucial for TV broadcast, mainly color rendering and color temperature. FIFA has made significant changes in this regard, as shown in Table 8.
As can be seen from Figure 6, FIFA lowered the lower limit of the general color rendering index Ra from 80 to 65 from 2002 to 2007, while the 2011 version continued to maintain the lower limit of 65. The lower limit of the correlated color temperature is lowered from 5500K to 4000K. Obviously, China's standards are closer to the 2002 version. The rationality of this technology dynamics will be analyzed in detail in Section 3.2.1.
Combined with 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, the general color rendering index Ra, the correlated color temperature T decreased, and the illuminance level did not increase significantly. On the contrary, the FIFA 201l version was lower than the FIFA 2007 version.
3.2 Technical analysis
3.2.1 Chromaticity parameters of the light source
In recent years, with the improvement of the level of camera and television technology, the adaptability of the camera to artificial light has also increased, and the requirements for color rendering index and correlated color temperature of the venue lighting have been reduced. Table 9 lists the latest requirements and technical developments of some international standards.
The author has studied and analyzed the changes and dynamics of new technologies in the world for readers' reference.
First, scientific research has verified new changes in technology internationally.
In the process of compiling the "Code for Electrical Design of Sports Buildings", the Standardization Group conducted a special study on the emerging technological dynamics and changes in the world, namely, "Research on the influence of chromaticity parameters of light sources on the quality of TV broadcast images of sports games" [8] ], Document 8 gives the research process and results, due to space limitations, will not repeat them here. Studies have shown that for TV viewers, the color rendering index of the light source is 65, the correlated color temperature is 4000K, the color rendering index is 90, and the correlated color temperature is 5500. Can be accepted by TV viewers and industry experts.
Second, choosing a light source with suitable color temperature and color rendering is in line with the energy-saving policy, which is conducive to reducing the project cost.
Table 10 lists the technical parameters of the mainstream high-power metal halide lamps [9][10]. It can be seen from the table that the same series of high color temperature and high color rendering are compared with the standard color temperature and standard color rendering. The efficiency is reduced by 10% to 30%, and the price is relatively high, and one investment has increased.
Therefore, sports lighting should select the appropriate color temperature and color rendering light source according to the level of the stadium.
Third, the actual global live broadcast of international events verified the technical dynamics.
The authors measured some of the global live broadcasts of international events in 2011 (see Table 11). The events included: 2011 FINA Short Swimming World Cup, 2011 Italian Super Cup, 14th FINA World Championship, 2011 ATP The Tennis Masters, etc., the competition has been successfully completed, the actual color temperature of the venue lighting is 4553K ~ 5617K, the color rendering index is 61 ~ 90.28 (see Figure 7 and Figure 8).
3.2.2 Constant lumen technology
As mentioned above, constant lumen technology is the technology recommended by FIFA. During the life cycle of the light source, its luminous flux remains basically unchanged, providing stable illumination for the site. The research institutes in China have proved this point. The “Constant Illumination Test Report†completed by the Department of Light Sources and Lighting Engineering of Fudan University Information School in 2009 pointed out that in the 5,000-hour lighting test, the actual illumination maintenance value and the design value deviate from one another. 5% to 10.5%.
On the other hand, Hengmingming Technology can make a significant contribution to energy saving and emission reduction and investment saving. The “Constant Illumination Test Report†of Fudan University shows that the LSG-1500W lamp with constant lumen technology is taken as an example. The test site is located in a tennis court of Fudan University. The total test system runs for 5000 hours and is tested every 100 hours or 250 hours. The data is summarized in Table l2.
Converting Table 12 to Figure 9 is more intuitive, and the actual measurement shows that the energy consumption of the single lamp is basically unchanged. During the entire life cycle of the light source, the actual electrical power of the luminaire (including the ballast power) of the first 2000 hours is lower than the rated power of the luminaire, and the electrical power of the luminaire increases slightly from 2000 hours to 5000 hours. The actual electric power of the luminaire in the whole life cycle is 86.5%~I15.4% of its rated power. The right lower slant line is the measured data, and the enclosed area is the actual active energy. in accordance with. The rectangle enclosed by the red line runs at a constant power of 1500W for 5000 hours, which is ideal. The area enclosed by the actual operation is very close to the area enclosed by the red line, increasing by only 2.91%.
From the analysis, we can draw the following conclusions:
First, constant lumen technology can achieve stable lighting effects. From the measured data, when using the constant lumens technology, the maintenance factor can be taken as 0.95, in order to ensure that the reliability maintenance factor can be 0.9.
Second, the number of lamps used is small. The number of lamps using constant lumens should be 22% less, and the corresponding energy should be 22% less, and the investment should be reduced and the maintenance amount should be reduced accordingly.
Third, the energy consumption of single lamps is basically unchanged. The actual measurement shows that the actual electric power (including the ballast power) of the luminaire is lower than the rated power of the luminaire in the first 2000 hours of the whole life cycle. The electric power of the luminaire increases slightly from 2000 hours to 5000 hours. The actual electric power of the luminaire during the whole life cycle of the light source is Its rated power is 86.5% to 115.4%. Therefore, the lighting of the site lighting using constant lumen technology has reduced the total energy consumption during the whole life cycle, the energy consumption of the single lamp is basically unchanged, and the illumination remains relatively stable.
4 Conclusion
At present, some international standards represented by FIFA have undergone no small changes in the technical level. If the FIFA 2007 version deserves our attention, the FIFA 2011 version is not only a concern, but should be highly valued by experts and scholars.
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