There is no simple thing about electronics: take you deeper into battery technology

The writer is an electronics engineer with more than 30 years of experience, and has been involved in many technical fields, including digital, analog, power, communication, microcontroller...etc. Because he has some research on battery technology, he wrote a series of columns to introduce readers to various battery types, related technologies, terminology, specifications and usage environment.

In the next article, the author will detail the various types of batteries and learn how to choose the right battery technology for your specific application. The battery was invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. If Volta is still there, he should be amazed at how ubiquitous (and diverse) his invention is.

But in some applications, choosing to use a capacitor may be more suitable than a battery. Very surprised? Perhaps when they emphasize power with stable, high-surge capability, you may have considered using capacitors; sometimes involving very light loads, or neglecting conventional power applications, consider using supercapacitors. As we further discuss the battery terminology and technology, I hope to further clarify how to choose between capacitors and batteries.

There are many factors to consider when choosing a battery technology for a particular application; in addition to the relative size, weight, and cost (cheap, expensive, and you can't afford it!). In the next series of articles, the two main points that the author plans to cover include:

1. Use and storage environment: This will be discussed in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, altitude, mechanical stress, vibration, mounting location, radiation hardening (radiaTIon hardening), corrosion attack, packaging/shape, storage and shelf life, resulting Waste/gas, required consumables, safety, materials, RoHS specifications, etc.

2. Applications: Types (including primary, secondary, and intelligent), technology, chemicals, efficiency and wear and tear, charge and discharge cycles and speeds, depth of discharge, service life, memory effects, charging technology, capacitance/battery hybrid technology, capacity , density (energy and weight), protection circuit, gas gauge, quality, reliability, charging and operating time.

Since Volta invented the first generation of batteries, many types of batteries have evolved over the years, including the following technologies: lead acid (PbX), nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel hydrogen (NiMH), nickel zinc (NiZn), zinc oxide (ZnO). ), Zinc-carbon, zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc manganese dioxide (ZnMnO2, a halogen battery).

There are also a series of lithium batteries: lithium-iron disulfide (LiFeS2), lithium-manganese dioxide (LiMnO2), sulphur lithium chloride (LiSOCl2), lithium carbonate polymer (LiCFX), lithium sulfur dioxide (LiSO2), Lithium iodine (LiI2), lithium aluminum chloride (LiAlCl4), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LMO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide ( LiNiMnCoO2, NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (iNiCoAlO2, NCA), lithium titanate (Li4TI5O12, LTO).

There are also silver oxide (Ag2O), silver zinc (AgZn), sodium sulfide (Na2S4), and nuclear or atomic cells.

What is a battery?

From a traditional point of view, a battery is a device that contains chemically reactive substances and generates electricity by this, but this definition has begun to blur over time; this will be an interesting topic, maybe we can At the end of the series, let's discuss it again.

诀窍 1.: Start to select the battery

I choose the battery to look at the application environment first. Usually, we can reduce the range of technology selection according to environmental restrictions. For example, when the operating temperature of the battery reaches 325 °C, you don't have to waste time looking for a lithium battery. Under such circumstances, standard lithium batteries cannot be involved, but sodium-sulfur batteries can survive. Another example is an old (non-gel) lead-acid battery that requires periodic water addition, which naturally cannot be used in a completely sealed environment.

诀窍 2.: Difference between energy and power

Energy and power are often confusing. It is important to note that the battery can store potential energy. When the load current is applied, the potential energy is converted into electric power, in a few volts. A few amps of current (A) can be reached below the voltage (V) and then calculated to be a few watts of power (W = V & TImes; A). The total energy that can be transferred to the load is the instantaneous voltage multiplied by the instantaneous current, which is v(t) xa(t), which is integrated over time—because the unit of energy is joule (J), ie the power multiplied by The number of seconds in time.

Specifications and terminology

We seem to always want to find the battery with the largest "wallop", but what is the acceptable price? How big is the size and weight? Obviously we will always make some compromises, so we need to know how the manufacturer details all of these specifications; we will mention them in more detail in future articles. Let's start with a few related terms and specifications.

Primary / secondary batteries: The so-called primary batteries are those that can be applied immediately after assembly and are applied immediately, but most cannot be charged; secondary batteries can be assembled and used for the first time. It is then charged and usually rechargeable.

s smart type: This type of battery contains components or circuits used to monitor the battery and communicate the battery state with external applications. Typically, the monitoring circuit provides information on the state of charge, temperature, or environment. Information, battery health, age, product serial number/model number, etc. Some circuits are responsible for power management or protection against overcurrent. If a battery has more than four connection interfaces, it is likely to be a smart product, and we will introduce related topics in the future.

̇Internal resistance and maximum internal resistance: The internal resistance measurement unit of the battery is ohms, which is an effective direct current (DC) resistance generated by the parallel connection of the components generating voltage in the battery. The maximum internal resistance specification is based on the safety operation and the manufacturer's requirements, and the internal resistance is the worst case during charge and discharge. To measure the DC internal resistance, I usually use a two-stage DC-load method.


Continue to introduce various battery-related terminology:

Energy density: The ratio of energy to capacity (or energy versus size) in watt hours per liter (Wh/L) or megajoules per liter (MJ/L); this number is basically defined A battery is expressed in terms of size, the "strength" of a battery, and some manufacturers are expressed in joules per liter (J/L).

Energy/consumer-price: in watt hours/one dollar (Wh/$US), which allows different energy sources to be compared in terms of cost; sometimes this ratio and unit are reversed, For example, USD/kJ ($US/kJ).

Specific power: The ratio of power to weight (or power to mass) in watts per kilogram (W/kg), which is different from the energy ratio and refers to the amount of power a battery can provide. The higher the number, the lower the internal resistance. When the load resistance is equal to the sum of the internal resistance of the battery and the resistance of all lines and connectors, the maximum power is transferred to the load current; however, this is not very efficient for total energy transfer due to high I2R losses.

Cell: The smallest battery pack that can generate a voltage in a basic chemical reaction. If a single cell cannot generate enough voltage, current, power, or operating time, you can use several cells as modules or larger. The packaging is linked together. Some chemical substances, battery pack or module manufacturers must be trained or certified to be sold, based on safety, related components, circuits, and specific requirements for the use of chemical materials.

Equivalent lithium content (ELC): This is a summary of the lithium battery content classification standard (in grams) set by the safety and tourism and shipping authorities for lithium batteries. The 8 gram lithium equivalent is about 100 watts per hour; therefore, to calculate the lithium equivalent of a lithium battery, multiply its watt hours by 8/100 - ELC = Whx 0.08.

Maxmaximum continuous discharge current: The highest current that can be safely and continuously drawn from a battery without substantially degrading or causing damage to the overall performance of the battery.

Maximum discharge pulse current: The maximum current that the battery can discharge at the manufacturer's rated seconds pulse; followed by the rated retracement time. This value is usually defined by the battery manufacturer to avoid excessive battery damage or reduced capacity.

Cycle durability or cycle life: The number of charge and discharge cycles that a battery can experience before it can reach its specific performance criteria; this cycle life is estimated by a specific charge and discharge condition. The actual battery operating life is affected by the rate and depth of charge and discharge cycles, as well as other factors, such as temperature and humidity; and the greater the depth of discharge, the lower the cycle life.

Charge/discharge efficiency: This is a percentage that is the ratio of the energy delivered to the actual (charge/discharge process) to the rated energy. The calculation is - actual energy / rated energy x 100.

Self-discharge rate: The ratio of the amount of electricity that the battery will lose every month without current load; even if there is no current load, a slow chemical reaction will occur in the battery, reducing the battery's power. It is also the main cause of the battery's inventory period.

̇ Indicates the battery voltage (nominal cell voltage, or nominal voltage): The battery product voltage value announced by the battery manufacturer, usually the average discharge voltage of the battery during its lifetime.

Terminal voltage: The transient voltage across the battery (not through the load) when a current load is applied; this varies with the state of charge, and the charge and discharge current history and environment.

Open-circuit voltage: The voltage across the end of the battery when no current is applied; the open circuit voltage is highest in the "most fresh" state after the battery is charged with the best charging method. Some battery chemicals It is only after one or two charge and discharge cycles that the highest peak is reached.

Charge voltage: The voltage at which the battery is fully charged.

f float voltage: The voltage required to maintain its 100% charge when the battery is fully charged; this is used to compensate for the self-discharge of the battery.

Cut cut-off voltage: the minimum allowable voltage value; this is the battery emptiness state considered by the battery manufacturer. Operating the battery below this voltage is not recommended unless the battery is designed to be Handles the type of deep discharge.

̇ Charging Tips: There are many types of rechargeable batteries. Most are based on specific chemicals. Some are simple limited voltage and constant current technologies. Some use simple current limiting and constant voltage technology. The rest are Combination and variation of multiple-stage charging. These will be discussed in more detail in the future.

Depth of Discharge (DOD): The ratio of battery discharge to the rated battery capacity. When a battery reaches 80% of DOD, it is a deep discharge.

State of charge (SOC): The current capacity of the battery in the rated capacity. This SOC value is usually calculated by the load current integrated over a period of time. Smart batteries are usually used in this way. Provides a more accurate state of charge measurement than monitoring the terminal voltage alone.

The six reactors in the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe had been designed by General Electric. Their design had been criticised as far back as 1972.

In March 2011, The New York Times reported that, despite earning $14.2 billion in worldwide profits, including more than $5 billion from U.S. opera

The six reactors in the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe had been designed by General Electric. Their design had been criticised as far back as 1972

In March 2011, The New York Times reported that, despite earning $14.2 billion in worldwide profits, including more than $5 billion from U.S. operations, General Electric did not owe taxes in 2010. General Electric had a tax refund of $3.2 billion. This same article also pointed out that GE has reduced its American workforce by one fifth since 2002. The Times also reported that General Electric had been engineering tax reductions starting with the fees paid on its 1892 New York State charter.

tions, General Electric did not owe taxes in 2010. General Electric had a tax refund of $3.2 billion. This same article also pointed out that GE has reduced its American workforce by one fifth since 2002. The Times also reported that General Electric had been engineering tax reductions starting with the fees paid on its 1892 New York State charter.

General Electric

General Electric,General Electric Water Pump,General Ac Electrical,General Electric Contactor

Xiamen The Anaswers Trade Co,.LTD , https://www.answersplc.com