(Original title: Human brain: "Bean" in the vessel starts to "sprout")
Nie Cuirong
Four years ago, Austrian scientists discovered ways to cultivate human brain tissue using stem cells. Human brain organs have made amazing progress since then; now they have been able to simulate the real brain's beating with electrical stimulation and generate new neurons like mature brains. Develops six layers of cortical areas within the brain responsible for thinking, language, judgment, and other cognitive functions. These brain-like organs have less than one soybean size and are only studied in laboratory utensils.
However, according to the website of Scientific American magazine, two teams of scientists from the United States have recently stated at the annual meeting of the American Association of Neuroscience that they implant human brains into the brains of experimental rats. The team of Fred H. Gage, a renowned neurobiologist at the Sauk Institute for Biological Research, has demonstrated that the human brain organ is connected to the mouse's blood circulation system after implantation, and the neurons within it can also transmit The axons of the neural signals enter multiple brain regions of the mouse.
The neurosurgery team led by Isaac Chen of the University of Pennsylvania found that neurons in implanted human brain organs flashed a signal when irradiated with light to the eyes of experimental rats, indicating that human brain tissue was functionally realized Integrated.
The vigorous development of brain-like organ research, while bringing revolutionary changes to the development of human brain development and neurological diseases, is once again facing the ethical controversy whether or not experimental animals will have human emotions and consciousness.
Functionalization of Human Brain Organs in Rats
The above experimental papers have not yet been officially published. The Gage team has submitted the paper to a well-known science journal, so it only submitted the abstract to the conference. From the summary, the human brain organ was successfully implanted in the rat's blood circulation system, and some mature nerve cells extended the axon to multiple brain regions of the rat, in the brain-like organ and rat brain. Between the transmission of nerve signals. However, Gage didn't disclose too much about the size of brain-like organs and the changes in the ability of rats to perform.
Isaac Chen presented to the conference 21 papers of his team on human brain organ research. They implanted human brains into the secondary visual cortex in the brains of 11 adult rats. This vision zone is responsible for visual signals such as the color and direction of the objects they are looking at. The paper states that these 2 mm diameter human brains have survived for at least 2 months. Some human brain axons have been derived from the mouse brain, and axons have regenerated 1.5 mm into the brain of rats and they have entered the connection. Hemispheres in the corpus callosum. When they used light to irradiate mice's eyes, they found that the nerve cells in the brain's organs were stimulated to emit a flashing signal, demonstrating that human brain tissue is fully functional in rats.
Bring revolutionary influence to brain science
In addition to these two major experimental teams' first announcements of research findings in implanted animals, at this annual meeting of neuroscience scientists also revealed significant progress in human brain organ research in the laboratory. For example, there are scientists in experimental vessels that connect human brains with retinal cells to provide them with photosensitivity and thus generate vision; and scientists have merged the upper and lower parts of the human forebrain to combine two The establishment of neural connections between some organs has led to the development of 3D brains, which has taken a big step towards simulating the complex association of different brain regions.
With these experimental experiences, scientists can connect two, three, or even 1,000 types of organs to obtain larger brain-like structures, simulate mature human brains, and identify autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. The cause of other neurological diseases.
Isaac Chan's main purpose in studying brains is to repair brain damage. They believe that the human brain is a very strict and orderly structure, and existing brain-like tissue will self-perfect after implantation of the brain, establish a connection with the damaged site and effectively repair it. The study of brain-like organs will revolutionize the mysterious brain science.
Rapid development requires ethical management to keep up
But as brain-like science enters a new phase of animal experimentation, scientists are beginning to appeal that relevant ethics must keep pace with its rapid development.
At present, in the United States, the National Institutes of Health has only issued regulations prohibiting the addition of human stem cells to the study of vertebrate early embryos. There is no regulatory requirement for the implantation of human organs. There is insufficient understanding of the extent to which research on organoids has progressed, and there is no call for the establishment of a special committee to study relevant policies.
Stanford University legal scholar and bioethicist Hank Greily said that although the brain-like organs of the brain have not yet formed their thinking, the number of brains implanted in rats is very small, and it is impossible for rats to produce consciousness or advanced intelligence, but these consequences Need to be prepared in advance, once the animal experiments let the mouse have human characteristics such as self-esteem, their species identity will become difficult to define.
Despite all kinds of ethical concerns, scientists involved in brain-like organ research have stated that it is still very far-fetched to allow human brains to have human cognitive and emotional capabilities. Their common goal is to inject neurons or implanted brain tissue in the future so that patients with neurological diseases such as stroke, autism, and Parkinson's disease can completely get rid of the disease and lead a healthier life.
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