The New York Times online edition recently pointed out that the United States has a dominant position in the field of artificial intelligence. Although there is still a certain gap between China and the United States in this field, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in China, this gap is changing. It is getting smaller and smaller. The following is a summary of the article:
Robert O. Work, a senior defense official who was left by US President Trump as the Deputy Secretary of Defense, called them "artificial intelligence folks." Under this relaxed title, they have a serious task: these buddies are similar to a cabinet, and Walker will advise him when he seeks to reinvent war by introducing artificial intelligence into the battlefield.
In an interview, Walker recalled that he asked last spring, "You are the smartest guy in the field of artificial intelligence, right?" But they told him, "The smartest on Facebook and Google (microblogging)."
Today, they are also increasingly appearing in China. Artificial intelligence is widely regarded as a key factor in the next generation of war, and the United States no longer occupies a strategic monopoly of this technology.
As the Pentagon plans to introduce artificial intelligence into the military, Chinese researchers are also developing independently in this emerging field of technology. The surprising commercial development of Chinese companies in the field of artificial intelligence is reflecting this change.
For example, Microsoft researchers said last year that the company has developed software that is comparable to human speech understanding. Although they boast that the software is better than the products of American competitors, the celebrities in the field of artificial intelligence responsible for Baidu Silicon Valley Labs dismissed this. He stressed that Baidu achieved similar accuracy in Chinese two years ago.
In short, when the United States began to implement a new military strategy based on the assumption that it continues to dominate such technologies as robotics and artificial intelligence, the country is facing challenges from China.
Former US President Barack Obama’s Defense Minister Ashton B. Carter announced the “Third Offset†for the first time last year, which provides a competition with China and Russia. A plan to maintain a military advantage when it re-emerges.
In the 1960s, the United States occupied a military advantage by virtue of its leading position in nuclear weapons technology. In the 1970s, on the basis of new Silicon Valley technologies such as computer chips, this leading position shifted to the field of smart weapons. Today, American leaders plan to maintain this military advantage by vigorously developing artificial intelligence and automatically controlling weapons.
But the balance of global technological power is changing. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the United States has been carefully caring for its own advantages. In the field of computer and applied science and technology, the United States has been at the forefront of the world and has carefully maintained its leading position through military secrets and export controls.
In the late 1980s, the emergence of cheap and readily available microchips subverted the Pentagon's ability to control technological advances. Today, new technologies are increasingly coming from consumer electronics companies, not military and advanced corporate laboratories. In short, companies that produce the fastest-calculating computers now also produce gifts under the Christmas tree.
As consumer electronics manufacturing moves to Asia, Chinese companies and government laboratories have invested heavily in artificial intelligence.
Microsoft's senior artificial intelligence expert Lu Qi left Microsoft last month and joined Baidu as chief operating officer, highlighting China's progress in the field of artificial intelligence. Lu Qi will be responsible for Baidu's grand plan to become a global leader in artificial intelligence.
Tencent, the developer of mobile app WeChat, has created an artificial intelligence lab and started investing in artificial intelligence companies in the United States. China's rapid advancement in the field of artificial intelligence has led US military strategists and technologists to debate whether China is merely imitating advanced technology or engaging in independent innovation that will soon surpass the United States.
“Chinese leaders are increasingly thinking about how to ensure they are competitive in the next wave of technology,†said Adam Segal, an expert on emerging technologies and national security at the US Council on Foreign Relations.
China Daily reported in August last year that China is already developing a cruise missile system with "high level" artificial intelligence. The new system appears to be a response to a missile deployed by the US Navy to counter the increasing military influence of China in the Pacific region, expected to be deployed in 2018. This long-range anti-ship missile (LRASM) is described as a "semi-automatic" weapon. The Pentagon claims that this means that although the soldiers will choose to attack the target, the missile will use artificial intelligence to avoid the defense and make the final attack decision.
John Arquilla, a military strategist at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif., said China's new weapons exemplify a strategy called "long-range warfare." The idea of ​​the strategy is to attack enemies with larger ships such as aircraft carriers by building large fleets of small ships that deploy missiles. “China is making its machines more creative, and a little automation allows the machine to be greatly improved,†he said.
In the United States, the topic of whether China can quickly catch up with the United States in artificial intelligence and robotics has been widely discussed and there are great differences.
Wu Enda, the chief scientist of Baidu, said that the United States may be too short-sighted and confident to understand the speed of China's competition. “Many times, China and other countries have invented something at the same time, or invented it in China first, and later spread it overseas. But the US media will only report the news of the United States, which makes people misunderstand that these ideas are in the United States. Appeared," he said.
The HKUST is an important example of China's progress in the United States. The artificial intelligence company focuses on speech recognition and natural language understanding and has won awards in several international speech synthesis and Chinese-English text translation competitions. The company claims to be working with the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology to develop a “humanoid question and answer robotâ€. Liu Qingfeng, chairman of Keda Xunfei, said, "Our goal is to let it go to the college entrance examination in the near future and be accepted by key universities."
Compared with artificial intelligence R&D personnel in the US and Europe, the speed of Chinese technical experts is worthy of attention. In April last year, Wu Gansha, then president of Intel China Research Institute, chose to leave and formed a team of researchers from Intel and Google to co-found a driverless car company. Last month, the company, called Uisee Technology, achieved its goal after nearly nine months of its establishment: the company’s show at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Concept cars.
Wu Gansha said, "The artificial intelligence technologies in our cars, including machine vision, sensor fusion, planning and control, etc., are all self-developed. Each line of code is written by ourselves." The car is designed for a controlled environment such as universities and corporate parks, with the ultimate goal of designing a shared unmanned taxi fleet.
The US view of China's development may begin to change. In October last year, a White House report on artificial intelligence was mentioned in many places, and the number of research papers published by Chinese scholars has exceeded that of American counterparts. However, some scientists still say that the number of academic papers does not help us to understand the state of innovation. There are signs that China has only recently begun to focus on the development of artificial intelligence technology in the military system. Abhijit Singh, a naval weapons expert at the New Delhi Observer Research Foundation and former Indian military officer, said, "I think that although China has made progress in the field of artificial intelligence, it is still very much aware of the United States."
But the technical staff who directly participate in artificial intelligence research in China have different opinions. “The authors of Chinese papers are a powerful force in the field of artificial intelligence, and their status has been greatly improved in the past five years. This is beyond doubt,†said Kai-Fu Lee, who played an important role in Microsoft and Google China Research Laboratories. Bo) said. As a venture capitalist investing in startup companies in China and the United States, Kai-Fu Lee acknowledges that the United States remains a leading country in the field of artificial intelligence, but the gap between China and the United States is constantly narrowing.
Li Kaifu’s corporate innovation workshop recently raised $675 million in funds to invest in artificial intelligence startups in China and the United States. "Take an analogy with chess," he said. "We may think that most of the special masters in the field of artificial intelligence are still in North America, but China has more and more master scientists."
One thing is not controversial, that is, Silicon Valley and China have close links in investment and research, and the openness of the American artificial intelligence research community also means that the most advanced technology can be used by China. In addition to creating research institutions like Baidu Silicon Valley Artificial Intelligence Lab, Chinese citizens, including civil servants, regularly visit the United States to attend Stanford University's artificial intelligence courses.
Stanford professor Richard Socher said that the Chinese are easy to distinguish because after the first few weeks, his students often skip classes and choose to watch the lecture videos. The Chinese students will continue to come to class and sit in the front row of the classroom.
Artificial intelligence is just a microcosm of China's rapid advancement in cutting-edge technology. Last year, China also launched the world's fastest supercomputer "Shenwei·Taihu Light", replacing another Chinese model that was once the world's fastest. The new supercomputer is considered part of a broad-based initiative in China to drive innovation, aiming to break away from the role of equipment and components designed to be used as manufacturing centers in other countries such as the United States.
To reflect the willingness to become an innovation center, the processor of this supercomputer was designed by China. The previous supercomputer "Tianhe II" used the Xeon processor developed by Intel. After the "Tianhe No. 2" was put into practical use, the United States issued a ban on the export of related chips to China in order to limit China's development in the field of supercomputers. Like other supercomputers in the world, the "Tianhe II" has many uses and is not a direct military challenge. For example, it can be used for modeling climate change conditions or for large dataset analysis.
There is a relatively harmonious relationship between the Chinese government and commercial technology projects, which is not the case in the United States. The Pentagon recently re-launched its Defense InnovaTIon Unit Experimental in Silicon Valley to reflect on the faster, more varied style of Silicon Valley and reflect on the outsourcing practices of US government bureaucracies. However, many Silicon Valley companies are still reluctant to go too close to the Pentagon, because this will make them lose the qualification to enter the Chinese market.
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