Difficult Problems:
Why is it necessary to place the crystal oscillator close to the microcontroller when designing a PCB for a 51-chip system?
The answer lies in the way a crystal oscillator functions. It produces electrical vibrations at a specific frequency when excited by an electric signal. These vibrations generate a current feedback that returns to the circuit. Once the circuit receives this signal, it amplifies it and sends it back to the crystal, creating a continuous loop. When the frequency of the excitation signal matches the crystal's nominal frequency, a stable sine wave is produced. This sine wave is then shaped into a square wave suitable for digital circuits.
However, the crystal itself has very limited output power—usually just a few milliwatts. To make this signal usable, the microcontroller’s internal amplifier boosts it by hundreds or even thousands of times. The connection between the crystal and the microcontroller is typically made using copper traces on the PCB.
These traces act like small antennas. The longer the trace, the more electromagnetic interference (EMI) it can pick up from surrounding sources such as radio signals, Wi-Fi, or mobile networks. This interference can distort the original signal, causing instability in the clock signal. If the received signal becomes stronger than the crystal’s own signal, the internal amplifier may no longer produce a clean, stable square wave. As a result, the microcontroller might not function properly, leading to timing errors or system failures.
To minimize this risk, it's best to keep the crystal oscillator as close as possible to the microcontroller’s input pin. This reduces the length of the trace and minimizes the chance of external interference. In practical PCB design, this is a common practice to ensure reliable and stable operation of the system.
Industrial Panel PC
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