Workers and first-body designers review the construction and design of two landmark buildings
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Xiong Ming, born in 1931, is a native of Fengcheng, Jiangxi Province, and one of the first “Chinese architectural design mastersâ€. In 1956, he graduated from the Department of Architecture of Tsinghua University. He was the dean of the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute, the chief architect, and the executive director of the Architectural Society of China. He is currently the chief architect of the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute, and a part-time professor of architecture at six universities including Tsinghua University and the Central Academy of Fine Arts. He has hosted and directed nearly 200 design projects, such as the Beijing Workers' Gymnasium, the Capital Gymnasium, the Bank of China Headquarters Building, the Bank of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and other projects.
Building archive
The renovated Workers' Gymnasium will serve as a venue for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games boxing match and the Paralympic Games for the Paralympic Judo.
Since May 26, 2006, the Workers' Gymnasium has carried out the Olympic transformation work. The total construction area of ​​the renovation project is 41,828 square meters, including the renovation of the original construction gymnasium with a main building area of ​​40,200 square meters and a new energy center of 1,628 square meters. According to the requirements of the International Olympic Committee, the International Boxing Federation and the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee, the workers' gymnasium will be re-functionalized and refurbished; the external walls and roofs will be renovated and refurbished; and other buildings damaged due to structural reinforcement and construction will be restored and refurbished. Reform and update the water supply and drainage system, power supply and distribution system, and HVAC equipment in the hall. After the transformation, there will be one main boxing match for the Olympic Games, two warm-up venues, 12,000 fixed auditorium seats and 1,000 temporary seats. According to Liu Bingyu, chief engineer of the Beijing Urban Construction Group Workers Gymnasium Reconstruction Project, the reconstructed Workers' Gymnasium will serve as the venue for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games boxing match and the Paralympic blind judo competition.
3 multi-functional innovation
The Workers’ Body was invested by the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions. Later, the state had to invest in building a bigger one. This is the Capital Gymnasium. When I received this design task, it was already 1965, and the rain was coming from the wind. In order to avoid the movement interference, under the leadership of the director of the room, Zhou Zhiliang, Zhang Depei, Wang Xiongxiang, Yu Jiaxi, Yang Weicheng, Lu Guangda and other professional designers went to the site design and lived on the construction site for 3 years until 1968. Completed in the year. We all live in a small temple. There are more than 80 people at most, of which there are more than 30 people who do architectural design. I have to look at the pictures of more than 30 people every night.
The design of the first body has several innovations: the first is the structure. At that time, the international table tennis match was popular on the ice hockey rink, which could accommodate 16 table tennis tables at the same time, plus 18,000 auditoriums. I thought at the time that to make up for the shortcomings of the work, I must make a bigger one. I proposed a square steel frame of 112.2m×99m with a height of 6 meters. This is the first steel grid structure in China. The structural span of the grid can be made even larger, and as long as it is placed on the shelf, it will not fall if it is caused by temperature changes or earthquakes.
It was in the process of assembling the steel grid that I thought of the second innovative design, which was the raised floor. Now everyone sees the ice hockey stadium inside the first body. The floor is movable. It is divided into 30 pieces of 30m×35m. There are wheels underneath, which can be pulled down to the floor warehouse. A few days ago I saw on TV that a manager of the first body said that this was his invention and design, and he applied for a patent. This is not right.
Third, the ice layer design of the ice rink is also based on the concept of “activityâ€. I saw in the Austrian information how foreigners talk about ice, but there is no detailed information, but the melting of the ice will cause the wooden floor to expand and shrink when frozen. We switched to two terrazzo with graphite on the middle so that it can slide. The movable support is placed on the concrete prefabricated plate, and the frozen tube can be placed on the frozen ice. Because the support under each floor is active, the problem of thermal expansion and contraction is solved.
The fourth is the event stand. We attach great importance to the multi-functional design of the venue. Otherwise, there will be some small competitions, and there will not be many audiences. The activity stand of the first body solves this problem and can be flexibly arranged according to the needs of use. Each table is about 3 meters long and can be pulled by one person.
Fifth, the Air Conditioning and ventilation design of the first body is more advanced than the workers' gymnasium. There are many gaps in the roof of the roof steel grid, but we don't block it, but send the air conditioner's cold air. Because the cold air is heavy, it will go down from the gap and then be absorbed by the return air when it reaches the stands. This design gives the athletes the feeling that there is no wind at all. Playing table tennis and badminton is no problem. This is our first creation.
4 buildings should be unconventional
When I was designing the work, I was only in my twenties. In 1956, he graduated from Tsinghua University and was assigned as a technician in the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute. First, I followed the old engineer to make a workshop in the factory. Although the sparrow is small and complete, the design of this workshop made me understand the basic problems in the building, and then I worked as a worker. At that time, it was not called design competition. It was brainstorming. Many people made up their minds. My plan was approved by everyone. I made the main design, and two other chief engineers were responsible for the check. After finishing the work, in addition to the older generation of designers, I have the most experience, so the first body is naturally made by me.
Some people say that architects should be artists, others say that architects should pay more attention to technical and practical functions. I think there is no contradiction between the two. The architect is like the conductor of the band, coordinating various factors, technology is the carrier, art is the soul, and no one can do without it. Dean Zhu Xiaodi proposed the construction service society, I agree. Now the architect’s eyes are mainly concentrated in the city. I think that in the future, we will pay more attention to rural architecture and improve the wishes of farmers.
I prefer CCTV's new building. This form is meaningful. Why? Koolhaas said that this program cannot be used in foreign countries because foreign TV production and broadcasting are separated, and it is possible to produce programs in the suburbs and broadcast them on TV stations. The Chinese system, production and broadcast together, these two buildings have the necessary connectivity, so the design of the new CCTV building is a special product of China. In art, some people say that they should not be unconventional. I think they should be unconventional and cannot always imitate others. Primary school students imitate, middle school students reform, college students should have original spirit.
When Koolhaas’s design was first brought in, Chinese structural engineers opposed it, saying that this structure could not be done. I am afraid that it was the first to agree with this design. I took a serious look at his drawings. From the perspective of mechanics, his design philosophy is very advanced. If you only look at the building that is dozens of meters out of thin air, you will feel unstable. In fact, overall, it is a Large and small square tube structure, not a single board out, but a tube that is connected in whole. It is stable in itself, and there is also a studio hall to balance it, which is more reliable. Some of our engineers didn't look at the drawings carefully, and they didn't think it would work.
â– Reporter's notes
Unfinished work
Workers' gym interior
Workers' gym interior
At the end of 2007, the reconstruction work of the Beijing Workers Stadium and the Capital Gymnasium has been settled. These two large-scale gymnasiums, which have been in existence for more than 40 years, will serve as the main venue for the 2008 Olympic Games boxing and volleyball competitions, and together with the brand-new "Bird's Nest" will become the focus of the world.
Xiong Ming, who is nearly eighty years old, still goes to work every day, wearing a coat and passing through the cold wind of the capital. There is a "Do Not Disturb" sign on the door of his office. The heating in the room does not seem to be good, but Xiong Ming does not care. He said that he is not responsible for specific work. The significance of coming to the unit every day is that when young people encounter technical problems, he can provide advice.
In our interview today, he is the authority of the stadium design, and he built the famous buildings, as well as the Bank of China Headquarters Building, Kunlun Hotel, Beijing Hotel Ballroom and many more. As the first generation of “Architectural Design Masters†in New China, Xiong Mingyou pays attention to the “era of the times†embodied in architectural culture. In a monograph, he summarized his understanding of architectural aesthetics into five themes of “form and contentâ€, “real and falseâ€, “simple and richâ€, “environment and artistic conceptionâ€, and “inheritance and innovationâ€. This review is currently a few hot topics. "I really like that 'water cube'." Xiong Ming said.
The body and the first body are the proud works of Xiong Ming, but they are not perfect in his eyes. He said that there was still a development land in the south of the work body, and later it was built into real estate. There are still some shacks in the west, but if you stand tall, you can still see slums and you should also transform them. In 2003, Xiong Ming personally designed the “worker building†program. This shape is like a high-rise building like a crystal of ore. It is crystal clear and dynamic. It is ready to be erected on the west side of the South Gate Square of the work, but it has not been Can be implemented. Xiong Ming still remembers that he accompanied Liang Sicheng to the construction of the workers' gymnasium in the construction. "Mr. Liang said that this building is flat and extended, and there should be a vertical inside and become a landmark."
1He Long said that he "lady, very capable"
In 1957, I started working on the design of the Workers' Stadium. At that time, the Workers' Stadium was one of the gifts for the 10th anniversary of the National Day. The leaders decided to build a gymnasium that can accommodate 6,000 people. The area of ​​the stadium is not large. We first designed a square, and the program has basically been completed, but in April 1959, Rong Guotuan won the men's singles championship in the 25th World Table Tennis Championships, and the 26th World Table Tennis Championships decided to be held in China. If we don't have a suitable venue, we need to modify the design of the workers' gymnasium so that it can set up 10 table tennis tables at the same time—because we see 10 tables in foreign table tennis halls. This will not be able to catch up with the National Day gift, so the construction period is extended and completed in 1961. At that time, it was also considered that not only the table tennis match, but also the gymnasium should be able to play basketball and volleyball. The area cannot be too big. Because the stadium is elliptical, the gymnasium is round, all curves, and changes can form a harmonious echo.
The style that the architect designed in the past must lead the decision. He Long, who is in charge of the engineering work, is very satisfied with my design. He patted me on the shoulder and said, "Young man, very capable."
The workers' gymnasium adopts a suspension structure. This inspiration comes from the 1957 World Expo in Brussels, Belgium. The participating countries have set up temporary exhibition halls. The roof of the US Pavilion is a suspension structure, which is suspended by a cable. The cover is actually plastic and very light. I saw this information in foreign architecture magazines and proposed to build a suspension structure, which was supported and guided by the chiefs of Shen Bo, Zhu Zhaoxue, Yang Xiyu, Sun Bingyuan and Liu Kaiji. But we are permanent buildings, and the span reaches 94 meters. We have never done such a large span structure in the country, and we have done 60 meters in the past. It is much heavier than the American Pavilion, so it is very difficult, so be careful. Now it seems that the regret is that it was too careful at the time. In fact, it should be done even more. It is better to do more than 100 meters. Now you can see that the round of the stadium venue has cut off four corners. It was originally an activity stand, but it is useless when it is not convenient to install. There are 4 corners in the circle, which are not easy to see. If you want to be big, you can solve it.
The technical focus of the cable structure is the anchor of the cable, which is kept secret by Americans. China has done suspension bridges in the past, we went to Fengtai Bridge Factory, and the comrades of the bridge factory to study the practice of anchor heads. I also worked with the Institute of Integrated Structures of the Ministry of Construction. They had computers, which were rare at the time. We used to calculate by hand.
Finally decided to use a concrete ring beam, the anchor head was hit inside. More than 140×2 anchor heads are fixed on the outer ring and the upper and lower rings. The lights and speakers are also hung on the ring beam, like a bright aura.
In the past, large roofs were usually made of arched steel structures like bridges. Regardless of the material used, the arch is always under pressure. To be stable, it will be very expensive and very heavy. The suspension cable structure is pulled, and the steel is not afraid of pulling, so the suspension cable is strong and can save a lot of steel. It was a very advanced design at that time.
2 windless gymnasium
A few days ago, I watched the table tennis competition on TV. The commentator mentioned that athletes often reflect the foreign sports halls. The air conditioning is very windy. Sometimes the ball is turned, and the domestic gymnasium is very small. To. When designing the workers' gymnasium, it is because of the need to play table tennis. We attach great importance to the wind. Wang Shanguo, an engineer at the Ministry of Construction, has a “high-speed nozzle air supply systemâ€. An air vent is placed under the roof ring beam to blast the wind at a high speed and spray it all the way to the edge of the field. At the same time, I made some return air outlets in the stands, and the wind was sucked in here. Therefore, the stands are very cool, there is no wind on the field, the athletes are hot, but it will not affect the game.
In terms of architectural art, the past buildings generally have large walls, and then open small windows, such as the Great Hall of the People. The Workers’ Gymnasium is to top the pillars from the bottom and completely divide them with pillars.
On the wall, the roof is supported by pillars, and the windows are made between the pillars. This is open and bright, and there is no need to turn on the lights during the day. It seems that there is still energy-saving effect. I didn't think so much at the time. It was a novel design and it was easy to use.
The stadium not only had to hold sports competitions, but also the need for cultural performances, which was taken into account at that time. After the completion, Guo Lanying was the first singer to sing in the workers' gymnasium. She sang and said that the design was good, because the round stadium reverberation time is relatively long, and it sounds like a sound. We have had careful consideration by acoustic experts.
In recent years, in order to welcome the Olympics, the project has been inspected. Of course, these buildings have a high safety factor and are inspected every year. There is no problem. The design life of a permanent building is generally 100 years, and many buildings can still be used normally after 100 years of construction.
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